Ancus Marcius

Ancus Marcius was able to combine the warlike qualities of his immediate predecessor Tullus Hostilius with a devotion to religious ritual and the rule of law exemplified by his grandfather Numa Pompilius.

Thus he would formalize rituals for declaring war, placing them on a legal footing:

Ancus Marcius Formalizes ritual for the declaring war

“If I unjustly or impiously demand those persons and those goods to be given up to me, the messenger of the Roman people, then never permit me to enjoy my native country.” These words he repeats when he passes over the frontiers; the same to the first man he meets; the same on entering the gate; the same on entering the forum, some few words in the form of the declaration and oath being changed. If the persons whom he demands are not delivered up, on the expiration of thirty-three days, for so many are enjoined by the rule, he declares war, thus: “Hear, Jupiter, and thou, Juno, Romulus, and all ye celestial, terrestrial, and infernal gods, give ear! I call you to witness, that this nation (naming it) is unjust, and does not act with equity; but we will consult the fathers in our own country concerning these matters, and by what means we may obtain our right.” After that the messenger returns to Rome to consult: the king immediately used to consult the fathers almost in the following words: “Concerning such matters, differences, and quarrels, as the pater patratus of the Roman people, the Quirites, has conferred with the pater patratus of the ancient Latins, and with the ancient Latin people, which matters ought to be given up, performed, discharged, which matters they have neither given up, performed, nor discharged, declare,” says he to him, whose opinion he first asked, “what think you?” Then he said, “I think that they should be demanded by a just and regularly declared war, therefore I consent, and vote for it.” Then the others were asked in order, and when the majority of those present agreed in the same opinion, the war was resolved on. It was customary for the fecialis to carry in his hand a javelin pointed with steel, or burnt at the end and dipped in blood, to the confines of the enemy’s country, and in presence of at least three grown-up persons, to say, “Forasmuch as the states of the ancient Latins, and the ancient Latin people, have offended against the Roman people, the Quirites, forasmuch as the Roman people, the Quirites, have ordered that there should be war with the ancient Latins, and the senate of the Roman people, the Quirites, have given their opinion, consented, and voted that war should be made with the ancient Latins, on this account I and the Roman people declare and make war on the states of the ancient Latins, and on the ancient Latin people.” After he had said that, he threw the spear within their confines. After this manner restitution was demanded from the Latins at that time, and war proclaimed: and that usage posterity have adopted.

Titus Livius. The History of Rome Book I. Translated by D. Spillan. London. HENRY G. BOHN, YORK STREET, COVENT GARDEN. MDCCCLIII. JOHN CHILDS AND SON, BUNGAY. Project Gutenburg. Release Date: November 6, 2006. [EBook #19725]. See PDF page 40.

Marcius causes the first bridge and prison to be built

Marcius had a bridge (Pons Sublicius) built over the Tiber. Originally made of wood, this was the bridge that was bravely defended by the heroic Horatius Coecles during the early Republic. The bridge connected the Via Latina with the Etruscan city of Veii, approximately 30 kilometers away.

Recognizing that the city needed a place to hold individuals for trial or for execution, Marcius caused a prison, the Tullianum, to be built. It can still be seen today.

Rule of Ancus Marcius–Summary

Marcius embodied the martial qualities of his predecessor Tullus Hostilius along with the devotion to religion and law exemplified by his grandfather Numa Pompilius. Marcius expanded the population and power of the Roman state, continuing the policy of absorbing conquered populations into the citizen body. He extended the reach of Rome down the Tiber to the coast, ensuring that Rome would become an entrepot for Latium.

Like his grandfather, Numa Pompilius, Marcius put religious ritual back at the center of Roman life. He formalized such rituals as the declaration of war, placing such action on a foundation of law.

BACK